1)Antioestrogens: Clomiphene, Tamoxiphen.
2) Gonadotrophins: Human chorionic gonadotrophin( HCG), Gonadotrophin (FSH)/ urofollitrophin, Gonadotrophin LH, Monotrophin.

Clomiphene:- It is a nonsteroidal partial agonist.  Mode of action: It induces ovulation probably by blockade of hypothalami  estrogen receptors. In men stereogenesis is increased.
Contraindications:- cancer of genital tract, Liver, impairment, vaginal bleeding of unknown cause.
Special precaution:- Exclude pregnancy, exclude ovarian enlargement.
Indications:- Oligomenorrhoea, Female infertility due to ovulatory failure, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, stein leventhal syndrome, post pillamenorrhoea, male infertility due to oligospermia, and asthenosperma.
Dosage:- Adults: Female infertility: 50mg daily for 5 consecutive days starting on 5th day of menstruation. If ovulation does not occur, 2nd dose of 100mg single dose for 5days after 30days interval, avoid over dosage.  In successful cases, ovulation occurs 6-10 days from first day of treatment. Maximum three courses recommended. Male infertility :- 25mg daily for 25 days followed by rest period of 5 days for 3months.
Preparations of Clomiphene: Brand name: Clofert( sigma Lab) tablet of 25mg, 50mg, & 100mg
Tamoxiphen:-It exerts its action by binding to estrogen receptors. Tumors with estrogen receptors respond.
P/k: it is given orally, drug has Biphasic half life.
Duration of action:- Terminal half life >24 hours
Contraindications:- hypersensitivity.
Indications: Palliative treatment of advanced or metastatic carcinoma of breast.
Dosage:- 10-20mg twice a daily( Morning & evening)
Preparation of Tamoxifen:- Brand name: Cytofen: tablet of 10mg(BDH)
Gonadotrophin: They are follicle stimulating harmone(FSH), Luteiniging Hormone(LH) These Hormones are required for ovulation, Spermatogenesis and biosynthesis of sex steroids. Preparations of gonadotrophins have been used to treat infertility for last several years.
secretions: LH& FSH are synthesized and secreted by pituitary gland. Their secretion by pituitary gland is regulated through feed back inhibition by sex steroids in plasma.
Action of Ovary: Successive groups of small follicles begin to grow in the follicular phase of ovarian cycle. At the time of ovulation follicles in different stages of development are found. This ovarian response which is observed is due to predominance action of FSH. Just before ovulation, there is a surge in FSH & LH secretion. This is due to feedback effect of estrogen on gonadotrophin secretion. When ovulation is in progress, there is wide spread atresia of all other follicles. LH maintains corpus luteum. If pregnancy occurs chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) is produced by placenta which maintains corpus luteum.
Human chorionic gonadotrophin :- It is a hormone which is obtained from urine of pregnant woman. Its main function is to sustain luteal function and fore stall next menstruation.

Contraindications: Prostate carcinoma or other androgen dependent carcinoma, precocious puberty.
Indications:- Anovulatory infertility, cryptorchidism, Corpus luteum insufficiency, oligospermia, Hypogonatropic hypogonadism, habitual abortion, asthenospermia,
Dosage: Adults: Anovulatory Infertility: 5000-10000 I.U> in mid cycle, male hypogonadism, 2000I.U. twice a week, cryptochidism, 500- 1000i.V alternate days. all by I.M or S.C. route.
Children:- not applicable.
Preparation of gonadotrophin FSH: Brand name: Foliculin( Bharat serum) vial of 75 I.U. or 150 I.U.
Gonadotropin L.H.:- contraindication:- During pregnancy.
Indications:- Delayed puberty, cryptorchidism, oligospermia, recurrent abortion, premenstrual syndrome.
Menotrophin;- Purified extract of human post menopausal urine containing follcle stimulating hormne (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone(LH) is known as human menopausal gonadotrophins, relative in vivi activity, is designated as ratio, 1:1 ration is also known as menotrophin.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, Ovarian cyst Hormone dependent malignancies. Indications:- Amenorrhoea, and infertility, Hypergonadotrophic- Hypogonadism in males and females, follicle stimulation in I.V.H. cryptorchidism.
Dosage:It varies from patient to patient and in the same patient at different times. This can be detected by carrying out hormonal assays. schedule 1:3 equal doses given on alternate days. schedule ii : give daily till response is achieved.
Children:- not applicable.
Brand name: Gynogen: vial containing 75 I.U. & 150I.U. company name unisankyo

1) Neem Juice:- good for diabetic, chronic fever, Cough, Dysentry, Skin disease, liver stimulant and purifies blood.
2) Karela Juice: Good for diabetics, In digestions, Chronic fever, Pancreas Stimulant,
3) Tulasi Juice & Fundina: good for heart,Cold, cough, Asthma, Controls Cholesterol, purifies blood
4) Ginger Lome: Good for digestion, Gas trouble, Cold, Cough, Throat infections, Antispasmodic, Joints pain ( Rheumatic Arthritics)
5)Awala Juice: Rich with Vitamins C, Useful for Eye, Hair & Heart, Good appetizer, Acidity, Peptic Osteoarthritis, Gynecological problem, Stoppage of white hair and rejuvenation therapy.
6)Kokam Juice :  Useful in summer skin Diseases, anti helmatic rakta, Pitta shamak and keeps the body cool.
7)Jamun Juice : Good digestive drink, Control burning sensation, Boils and skin problem, specially good for diabeties.
Fresh wheat grass juice: Good for Cancer, Blood pressure( high/low) Acidity asthma, Piles and also for Enemea,
9) Carrot Juice: Rich with vitamin A and Nutritious for health and eye sight.
10) Belpatra: Good for increase hemoglobin and purifies Blood , good for weakness and eye sight.
11) Lemon Juice: As a digestive to reduce fat and reduce constipation.
12) Wheat grass juice:- In cancer, anaermic as a brain tonic, and a general tonic for the body. Besides taking these herbs in the form of juices, one can take Diabetic powder of jamun, Karela, wheat grass, and neem.

1)Oestrogens:- Oestradiol,Tibolone, Ethylnyl oestradiol, Conjugated oestrogens, Ethynyl oestradiol +Methyl testosterone combination.
2) Progestrogens:- Progesterone, Dedrogesterone, Medroxyprogesterone. hydraoxy progesterone caproate, Norethisterone, Allyloestrenol, Lynesterol.
3) Progesterone + Estrogen combination.
4) Other oral contraceptives: cenchroman..

Oestrogens:- oestradiol and oestrone are both natural estrogen secreted by Ovary. Oestrogens are necessary for normal development of breast and female genital tract and secondary sexual characteristic. Oestrogens are necessary for maintainance of pregnancy. Several estrogens preparations are available. The List includes ethinyl oestradiol, stilbestrol, conjugated estrogen, oestradiol, oestriol.  Secretion of estrogen is regulated by FSH. Oestrogen also exerts feedback inhibition on pituitary.
Mode of action:- Oestrogens act by binding to nuclear oestrogen receptors. after activation oestrogen receptors binds to specific DNA sequences ( harmone response elements) that enhance the transcription of adjacent genes.
P/K :- Natural oestrigens circulate in blood and are bound to sex hormone binding globumin and albumin. Excretion occurs in the form of conjugates which are excreted by kidneys.
Indications:- Estrogen in oral contraception, post menstrual symptoms, serile vaginitis, Kraurosis-vulvae, dysmenorrhoea, acne, hirsutism, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, osteoporosis, suppression of  postpartum Lactation.
Oestradiol:- Available for use as trans dermal patch.
Mode of action:- same as oestrogens
Special precautions:- Epilepsy, Migraine, cardiac failure, Hypertension, diabetic mellitus, Fibrocystic disease of breast, hepatic & renal dysfunction.
Indications:- HRT for menopausal symptoms due to estrogen deficiency, post menopausal osteoporosis, and clinical conditions requiring natural oestradiol(E2) replacement including primary ovarian failure, hyperandrogenism in females.
Preparation of oestradiol:- E2 gel (Beta estradiol) Sunpharma
dosage:- The usual dose is 1.5mg of oestradiol in 2.5mg of gel once a daily. After one month, if effective relief is not obtained, the dosage may be increased up to a maximum of 3mg daily. A maintainance  dosage of 1gram of gel one to three times a week may be used. Apply gel to clean, dry, intact areas of skin, example arms/shoulders or inner thighs. The area of application should be at-least 750 square meter. Gel should not be applied on or near vulva region. Allow skin to dry for five minutes before covering with clothing.
Brand Name: Estraderm TTS ( oestradiol) Novertis 2×25microgram/patch.
Tibolone;- It is a synthetic steroid which combines oestrogenitic & progestogenic activity with weak androgenic activity. It needs to be given continuously within cyclical progestogen.
Mode of action:- it restores plasma endorphin level and post menopausal women and acts centrally to affect the thermo regulatory system.
Special precaution:- Renal impairment, epilepsy, Migraine diabetic melitus, hypercholesterolaemia, abnormal liver function tests or cholestatic jaundice.
Indications:- Vasomotor symptoms in oestrogen deficiency (natural or surgical menopause), osteoporosis, prophylaxis
Dosage:- Adults: 2.5mg daily (unsuitable for use within 12 months of last menstrual period.
Preparation of Tibolone:- Livial (Infar) tablet of 2.5mg.
Ethynyl oestradiol :-Mode of action:- Same as oestrogens.
Indications: oestrogen deficiency symptoms associated with natural/surgical menopause, menstrual cycle disturbances.
Dosage;- HRT : Initially 0.05mg 1-3 times daily reducing to maintainance leval of 0.025mg daily. Cyclical administration, along with progestogen from 16th to 25th day. Mammary Hypoplasia:- 0.05mg daily for 12 days with progestogen from 16th to 25th day starting therapy following menstrual period if applicable.
Male hypersexuality: 0.05mg daily. Children:- Not applicable.
Preparation of Ethynyl oestradiol : Brand name: Evalon (infar company) estriol 1mg tablet
conjugated estrogen:- Mode of action:- Same as oestrogens
Special precautions: Migraine, epilepsy, Asthma, renal and cardiac disease. may cause retetion of salt & water. Abnormal mamo grams to discontinue if cancer progression of hypercalcaemia occurs.
Indications:- Menopause, osteoporosis, prostatic carcinoma, atropic vaginitis, urethritic.
Dosage:- Adults:- Moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with climacteric;: 0.625mg-1.25mg daily.
Atrophic vaginitis/urethritis: 0.3mg-1.25mg daily depending on response. Osteoporosis:- 0.625mg daily. Female hypogonadism:- 2.5mg-7.5mg daily in divided doses for 20days then no tablet for 10 days if no bleeding. repeat same. Primary ovarian failure:- 1.25mg daily, adjust upward or downward as per response.
Oestrogen replenishment: 0.625mg daily. Children:- not applicable
Preparation of Conjugated oestrogens: Brand name; Premarin(wyath lederle) 0.625 & 1.25mg tablet.
Ethinyl Oestradiol + methyl testosterone:-
Special precaution: Cardiac failure, vericose veins, Major surgery, chloasma , to discontinue therapy if virilization occurs,  renal dysfunction, pain in breast, migraine epilepsy.
Indications;- Natural or surgical menopause associated with oestrogen deficiency symptoms
Dosage;- Adults: 1-2 tab daily alternatively 1ml I.M. every 3-4 weeks.
Children:- Not applicable
Preparetion of Ethinyl oestradol+ Methyl Testosterone:  Brand name:Mixogen(infar)  ( ethinyl oestradol; 4.4microgram+methyl testosterone 3.6mg)
Progestogens:- there are two main groups of progestgens. 1) progesterone and its analogue. ( hehydrogestrone, hydroxyprogesterone, Medroxyprogesterone. 2) Testosterone analogue: Norethisterone, Norgestrol.
Progesterone;- It is a chief harmone secreted by corpus luteum  and cause induction of secretory activity in endometrium of oestrogen primed uterus. It causes glandular development of breast, increases basal body tempature, inhibits uterine contractions. Progestogens are allyestrenol, medroxy progesterone , hydraoxy progesterone, nor ethisterone, norgestral, lynoestrenol, norethisterone, norgestral, lyno estrenol. norethinodrel.
Mode of action:- After reaching cell nucleus it binds to progesterone receptors and influence the transcription of a limited set of genes.
P/K:- After oral administration, progesterone undergoes extensive first class metabolism in liver. It has a short plasma half life.
Special precautions: Diabetic, hypertension, hepatic, cardiac, or renal disease.
Indication:- primary or secondary Amenorrhoea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, postponement of  menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, uterine hypoplasia.
Preparetion of progesterone & progestogens:-Brand name: Microgest(walter bushell) (Natural micronised progesterone)
Noreta HRT ( german remedies) Norethindrone acetate 1mg tablet
Indications- Sequential administration during estrogen replacement therapy in post menopausal women with an intact uterus.
Dosage: In cyclic treatment with estrodiol, norethisterone acetate should be given during last 12 days of each 3 week period of estradiol administration, so that the 4th week of each cycle remains without treatment. In patient receiving continuous estradiol therapy, nor ethidrone acetate should be taken for 10-14 days ( preferably first 12 calender days of each month
Brand name : puregest (natural micronised progesterone) 100mg, 200mg, 400mg caps.
Indications:- supplemantation of the luteal phase in case of sterility due to luteal deficiency, treatment of puerperal depression, maintainance of pregnancy in cases of threatened or habitual abortion, premenstrual syndrome, benign mastopathies, in menopause to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma in post menopausal women receiving conjugated estrogen.
Dosage:- Maintenance of pregnancy in cases of habitual or threatened abortion. 200-400mg per day in divided doses . For premenstrual syndrome: 200-400mg 1-2 times daily from 12th to 14th day of the cycle until on set of menstruation. For puerperal depression: 400mg twice daily in divided doses.
supplementation of luteal phase in case of sterility due to luteal deficiency; 400-600mg per day up to the 12th weak of pregnancy. May be given orally, vaginally, or rectally. for vaginal & rectal administration, capsule should be inserted deep into vagina or rectum.
Medroxy progesterone :- It is a synthetic progestogen structurally related to progesterone given by mouth or by I.M.injection.
Special precaution:- Cushin gold symptoms may occur with high dose therapy, thromboembotic disorders, genital neoplasm, breast carcinoma, fluid retention may occur.
Indications:- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, Secondary amenorrhoea, Endometriosis.
Dosage:- Adults:- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: 2.5-10mg for 5 to 10 days. repeat on 2-3 consecutive cycles. Secondary amenorrhoea: 2.5-10mg daily for 5 to 10 days starting on assumed 16th to 21st day of cycle. Repeat on 3 consecutive cycles. Endometriosis :- 10mg thrice a daily starting on the 1st day of cycle for 90 consecutive days.
Children: Not applicable.
Preparations of medroxyprogesterone ; Brand name: Depo-provera( Pharmacia-upjohn) 150mg vial of 1ml.
Dedroprogesterone:- special Precaution: same as medroxyprogesterone.
Indications: Dysnmenorrhoea, threatened or habitual abortion, Endometriosis,infertility due to inadequate luteal phase, premenstrual syndrome, adjunct to oestrogen replacement threapy.
Dosage: Adults:- Dysmenorrhoea 5to 10mg twice a daily from day 5 to day 25 of the cycle.
Endometriosis: 5-10mg 2-3 times daily  from day 5th today 25 of the cycle or continuously.
Premenstrual syndrome:- 5 to 10mg daily from 12th to 26th day of the cycle.
Infertility, irregular cycles:- 10mg twice daily from 11th to 25th day for at least 6 cycles.
Habitual abortion:- 10mg twice daily from 11th to 25 th day of the cycle until conception, then continuously until 20th week of the pregnancy and gradually reduced.
Preparations of Dedroprogesterone:- Brand name: Duphaston: tablet of 10mg.
Hydroxy progesterone caproate:-
Special precaution:- Intra abdominal heamorrage due to malignant tumors, pregnancy to be excluded in indications other than threatened abortion.
Indications: Threatened abortion, habitual abortion, Primary amenorrhoea, Uterine hypoplasia, infertility due to corpus luteum insufficiency.
Dosage:- Amenorrhoea: start treatment at least 8 weeks after last menstruation. On 1st day estradiol valerate 20mg I.M., 14 days later estradiol valerate 10mg with 250mg Hydroxy progestrone caproate I.M. withdrawl bleeding start 28th day of treatment. Continue treatment for 2-3 cycles.
Preparation of hydraoxy progesterone:- Brand Name:- Proluton depot ( German remedies) 250mg per amp of 1ml.
Norethisterone:- Norethisterone & its acetate and enanthate esters are synthetic progestogens given by mouth given in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and endometriosis.
Contradications:- Carcinoma of breast or uterus, thromboembolic disorders, severe liver disease, severe diabetes, rotor syndrome, Dubin johnson syndrome.
Indications:- Primary & secondary amenorrhoea of long duration, metropathia, haemorrhagica, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, female subfertility, endometriosis, timing of menstruation, as contraceptive- drug.
Dosage: Adults:- Endometriosis: starting 5th day of cycle 5mg twice daily, increasing up to 10mg twice daily incase of spoting. DUB:- 5mg 3 times daily for 10 days.
Timings of menstruation:- 5mg 3 times daily for not more than 10-14 days, begining about 3 days before expected menstruation. Preparetion of Norethisterone:- Brand name :- Primolut N ( german remedies) 5mg tablet.
allyl estrenol: it stimulates placental progesterone synthesis and increases the secretion of placental hormones.
Contraindications:- Mammary  Carcinoma, genital carcinoma, history of thromboembolic disorders, vaginal bleeding of unknown cause, history of herpes of pregnancy, hepatic impairment.
Indications:- Habitual abortion, failure of nedation, threatened abortion, premenstrual tension, metrorrhagia, threatened premature labour,IUGR
Dosage:- Threatened abortion: 5mg 3times daily for 5-7days, then reduce gradually till symptoms disappear. Habitual abortion:- 5-10 mg daily as soon as pregnancy has been diagnosed, with at least one month till critical period is over. threatened premature labour: Individually (up to 40mg daily.)
Preparation of Allyoestrenol:- Brand name: Gestin 5mg tablet.
Lynoestrenol : it is an oral progestogen.
Contraindications:- Thromboembolic processes, Caridvascular disorders, Cholestatic jaundice, History of jaundice of pregnancy or due to estrogen/ progestogen use, vaginal bleeding of unknown cause, porphyria, Haemoglobino-pathies, Hyperlipoproteinanemia, severe hypertension, severe pruritus, Dubin johnson syndrome, rotor syndrome.
Indications: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, hypo & hyper menorrhoea, delay of menstrual period, Oligo and polymenorrhoea, benign breast diseases, endometriosis, metrorrhogia, endometrial carcinoma.
Dosage:- Adults: postponement of menstruation: 5-10 mg daily not later than 3days before expected date of menstruation.
Endometriosis;- 5mg daily for at least 6months. Polymenorrhoea: 5mg daily from 5th -25 th day of cycle for 2-3cycles.
Progestrogen + oestrogen combinations;- Contraindications: Jaundice, Rotor syndrome, Dubin johnson syndrome, cancer of breast, endometrial carcinoma, herpes of pregnancy, diabetes, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, congestive heart failure, severe allergic condition.
Indications:-These drugs are used as oral contraceptives. also used for dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, irregularities of the cycle without organic cause. Hypermenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, intermenstual bleeding, Intermenstrual pain,( mittel-schmerz)DUb, delay of menstruation, ovulation & ovulation pain.
Ist day of bleeding is counted always as day 1 of the cycle.
Preparetion of progestrogen + oestrogen Combinations:- Brand name: Duoluton-L ( german remedies) Levonorgestral o.25mg, ethnyl estradiol ).05mg Adult dose; 1 tablet daily from 5th to 25th day of the cycle.
Centchroman:- It is an oral contraceptive pill.
On set of action:- 30-60 minutes, duration of action: up to 7 days.
Contraindications:- poly cystic ovarian disease, Tuberculosis, renal disease, liver disease, history of jaundice, cervical hyperplasia, severe allergic disease
Indications:- As a contraceptive
Dosage: Adults: First tab to be taken on day 1 ( monday of mensstrual cycle followed by 1 tab on day 4 ( that is thursday) Repeat this regime every week for 3 consecutive months exactly on the same days that is mondays & thursday. Dose to be reduced to once a week the same day, that is Monday for as long as contraception is desired. Children; not recommended
Preparation of cenchromen:- Brand name:- Centron ( Torrent) Tablet of 30mg

1)Mineral corticocoid:-Aldosterone
2) Glucocoticoids:- Hydrocortisone, prednisolone,Triamicinolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone.

Corticosteroid are synthesized in the adrenal cortex. The synthesis occurs under the influence of ACTH.
Mode of action:- After binding to the receptors, the steroid -receptor complex binds to the chromatin and stimulates the formation of MRNA. MRNA stimulates the the synthesis of enzymes. The anti inflammatory action is due to inhibition of prostaglandin and leucotreine synthesis.
The actions of glucorticoids are a) increased glucogenesis b) increased lipolysis C) increased liver store of glycogen d) CNS effects, euphoria.e) increased hemoglobin synthesis f) restrict capillary permeability and maintainance of cardiovascular functions. G) cause normal skeletal muscular function.h) anti inflammatory action i) suppression of immune response j) stabilize lysosomal membranes K) anti allergic action.
They are given by oral, parental, and tropical route. Oral bio availability of synthesis corticoid is high. Hydrocartisone after oral administration undergoes extensive mechanism in liver. They are metabolised in liver and after conjugation, are excreted in urine. The synthetic derivatives are metabolized  slowly and have longer duration of action.
Aldosterone:- Mode of action:- It is a mineral corticoid. Its actions are a) sodium retention and reduction of serum k b) its acts on distal tubules of kidney to increase  sodium re absorption.
Hydrocartisone:- this is a natural glucocorticoid. Mode of action :- same as corticoid. Indications: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, Joint sequelae of fractures. Administered as intra articular injection.b) Peri arthritis of hip,tendinitis, sinusitis, tenosynovitis, epicondylitis,cystic tumor of aponeurosis of tendon, scapulo humeral periarthritis treated by injection.
Dermatology:- Local intralesional injection. Hypertropic scars, keloids, inflammatory lesions of lichen planus, psoariatic plaques, discoid lupus of lichen planus, granuloma annulare.
Neurology;- Sciatica,lumbago, radiculopathies, multiple scerosis, tuberculosis- meningitis, otorlinolaryngology, nasal, polyposis, allergic rhinitis, allergic sinusitis, cicatrising lesions of middle ear.
EYE:- Episcieritis, scleritis, iritis, iridocyclitic, optic neuritis, retrobular neuritis,
Other uses:- Tubal  stenosis, pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis.
Special precautions:- Under aseptic condition injection is to be given. Use to be avoided in anterior part of scalp because of risk of micromebolization.
Preparation of hydrocartisone succinate:- Indications:- status asthmaticus, and acute allergic reaction to drugs, severe shock( surgical accidental trauma, or overwhelming infection) Addison’s disease, simmon’s disease, tubercular meningitis, and other meningitis.
Dosage:- adults: ( usually 100mg I.M. or I.V. repeated as required, in severe cases up to 300mg first dose.
children:- 3-6microgram/kg 24 hours in divided dose, Brand Name: Inj. Efcorlin  Allenburys.  Hydrocartisone sodium succinate 134mg equivalent to 100mg of hydrocartisone.
Preparetion of Hydrocartisone acetate:
Indications:- Rhumatology:a) intraarticular injection, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis , gouty arthritis, joint sequelae of fractures and dislocations.
b) Periarticular/soft tissue injection, scapulo humeral periarthritis, periarthritis of hip, bursitis, scapulo humeral periarthritis , tendinitis, Brand name:- wysolone (wyth lederle) 5mg tablet, 10mg tablet, 20mg tablet
preparation of methyl prednesolone:- Indications:- allergic, inflammatory, auto immune disease, malignacies, cerebral oedema, rheumatic diseases.
Dosage:- Adults: Asthma/allergic condition 40-120mg, Dermatological condition 40-120mg. Dosage should be governed by severity of the condition rather than by strict adherence to the ratio indicated by age or body weight. Children: 2-4mg/24 hours, divided every 4-6 hours. Brand name:- cytosine (methyl prednesolone sodium succinate 500mg or 1gm vial.
Trimicinolone:  A highly selective glucocorticoid,
Mode of action:- same as corticoids
Special precautions: hyper tension, chronic infection, glaucoma, osteoporosis,congestive cardiac failure, diabetic, myasthenia gravis, psychological disorders.
Indications:- Asthma, allergies disorders rheumatoid arthritis, dermatoses
Dosage:- Adults: oral 8-32 mg daily in single or 4 divided dosage. Injection : 4-32 mg daily in single or divided doses. Intra articular:- 2.5mg-15mg, intradermal 0.2-0.3ml, intramuscular: 40-60mg injected deep in to gluteal muscle, hey fever or pollen asthma: 40-100mg not to be given I.V
children:- 4-12mg below 25kg, Injection; not recommended for children below 6 years.
Preparetion of Trimicinolone:- Brand name: Kenacort (sarabhai) 4mg tablet, amp of 1ml/10mg.
Dexamethasone:- It is selective and very potent glucocorticoid. It causes suppression of pituitary adrenal axis. Mode of action: Same as corticoids. on set of action:- 1-4days. Duration of action:  some effects may last several days.
Special Precautions:- Glaucoma,epilepsy, Hypertension, hepatic dysfunction,  may reduce response of pituitary adrenal axis to stress.
Indications:- Shock due to trauma, Allergies emergencies overwhelming infections( with specific antibiotics) adrenal crisis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Asthma, Nephritic- syndrome, suppression of inflammation in eye disorders. Dosage:- Adults: 4-20mg repeated as necessary I.M. or I.V. daily dose 80mg. Children: 0.1mg-0.5mg/kg/24 hours
preparations of Dexamethasone: brand name: Cort: 4mg/ml amp of 1ml.  Dexona ; tablet of 0.5mg
Betamethasone:-  It is more potent than prednesolone.
Mode of action:- same as corticoid
Special precautions:- Diabetic Mellitus, Hyper tension, epilepsy, Glaucoma, peptic ulcers, congestive cardiac failure, may impair ability to resist infection, previous steroid myopathy.
Indications:- status asthmeticus, acute allergies reactions, anaphylactic reaction to drugs. Severe shock arising from surgical or accidental trauma or overwhelming infection, Addison’s disease, Hypopituitarism  following adrenalectomy.  simmonds disease, tennis elbow, tenosynovitis, and bursitis, Rheumatological disease. Ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, T.B meningitis, and sub arachnoid bleed.
Dosage: Adults: Initially 0.5-6mg daily. Drug should be withdrawn gradually.
Children:- Fraction of adult dose 25% at 1year, 50% at 7 years, 75% at 12 years.
Preparation of Betamethasone: Brand name: Betnesol tab, 0.5mg tab, Injection 4mg/ml amp of 1ml. 15ml drops 0.5mg/ml

Anabolic and Androgenic steroids:- Testosterone, Mesterolone, Danazol, Oxymetholone, Stanozolol, Ethyloestrenol.
Gonadotrophins, and testosterone are secreted in pulsatile  manner.  LH& FSH together regulate testocular growth Steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. The growth harmone may have a synergistic effect with LH on testis, where as oestrogens can decrease the effects of LH or secrection of testosterone. LH interacts with interstitial (ley-Dig) cells of testes to increase the synthesis of cyclic AMP and subsequently cholesterol is converted to androgeness. The main action of FSH is to promote spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules and that of LH is regulation of testosterone synthesis by leydig cells. The capacity of androgenes to enhance the epiphyseal closure in children may persist for as long as several months after discontinuation of the drug. In children androgenes should be used with great caution.
Anabolic steroid are effective protein anabolic agents but have low androgenic activity.  Anabolic steroids cause increase in muscle mass, increased bone growth and cause water retention.

Testostrone :- It is a natural androgenes secreted by testis. The secretion is regulated by LH Harmone secreted by Pituary gland.
Mode of action:- It binds to intracellular receptors in target cells and the harmone receptor complex translocate to nucleus where it attaches to specific binding site on chromosomes. It leads to increased synthesis of mRNA and protein. Testostrone is not given orally as it is extensively metabolised in liver and bioavailability is low. Testosterone is converted by 5 alpa reductase in target tissues to more potent dihydrotestosterone
Special precaution :- it should not be used in carcinoma of prostate, carcinoma breast(male),liver, Kidney dysfunction.
Indications:- Replacement therapy to maintain sex characteristics in adults with testicular failure, accidental castration, in hereditary  angioneurotic  oedema, infertility due to defective spermatogenesis, osteroporosis, refractory anaemia, carcinoma breast, menopausal syndrome, endometriosis, to improve nitrogen balance in catabolic states. certain types of infertility due to disorders of spermatogenesis.
Preparetion of testosterone :- Andractim (dihydrotestosterone ) 80gm gel. Aquviron: free testosterone 25 mg amp of 1ml I.M twice weekly.
Mesterolone:- It provides oral therapy and it does not cause liver injury.
Special precaution:-  Prostate to be examined prophylactically. For use in male patients only.
Indications:- Hypogonadism, male infertility, symptoms due to diminishing leval of androgens in middle and old aged man.
Dosage:- Adult:- Potency disturbances: initially 25mg tab thrice a daily till satisfactory response achieved. Maintainance dose:- 25mg 1-2times daily for a cycle of spermatogenesis that is about 90 days. Preparetion:- Mestilon (Uni-sankyo) 25 mg tab. Provironum: (german remedies) 25mg tab.
Danazol:- It is a synthetic steroid. It has mild androgenic action.
Adverse effect:- skin rash, nausea, flushing muscle spasm, weight gain, headache,acne,
Special Precautions:- Diabetic, cardiac, renal or hepatic dysfunction, Hypertension, migraine, epilepsy.
Indications:- Menorrhagia,gynacomastia, fibrocystic, Breast disease, treatment of visually proven endometriosis & associate infertility or symptomatic control when surgery is contraindicated.
Dosage:- Adults:- Endometriosis, & associated infertility 200 to 400mg daily for 2 to3 month, Menorrhagia.
Preparetion:- Danogen(cipala) 50, 100, and 200mg.
Oxymetholone:- It is a 17 alpha alkylated compound with anabolic properties used mainly in the treatment aplastic anaemias.
Special precautions: Elderly patients treated may be at increased risk for development of prostate, hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma, menstrual irregularities.
Dosage:- Adults: & children  1-5 mg/kg/day is given.  Therapy to last for at least 3-5 months
Preparation: Adroyd ( parke devis) 5mg
Stanozolol:- It is a synthetic steroid with anabolic & androgenic properties.
Special precaution:- Cardiac,hepatic,or renal dysfunction. it may alter LFT, thyroid function tests and glucose tolerance test, watch for testicular atrophy and odema, menstrual irregularities.
Indications: prophylactic use in herditory angioedema, vascular manifestations of behcet’s syndrome.
Dosage:- Adults:- Herditory angioedema, 2mg 3times a day. Maintainance dose: 2mg/day or alternate days or 2-5mg 3 times weekly.
Children:- long term prophylactic therapy usually not recommended below 6years. 2-2.5mg daily,6-12 years 2-6mg daily
Preparetion:  Menabol 2mg/tab.
Nandrolone:- It is derived from and is closely related to the androgen testosterone having both androgenic as wellas anabolic properties.
Special precautions:- Hypertension,Migraine, diabetic, cardiac, hepatic, or renal dysfunction.
Indications:- Debilitating illness, post menopausal osteoporosis, convulsants after surgery, burn or major illness, post menopausal metastatic mammary, hypoplastic or malingnancy associated anaemies.
Dosage:- Adults: Nandrolone phenyl propionate 25-100mg, I.M. weekly maintainance.
Preparation:- Durabolin( Nandrolone phenyl propionate) 25mg per ml amp of 1ml.
Ethyl oestrenol:- It is a alpha alkylated compound with anabolic properties but little androgenic effect at doses normally used.
Special precaution:-young women, diabetic, premature epiphyseal closure,  untoward androgenic effects.
Indications:- chronic debilitating diseases specially in elder patients where casual and dietary measures are proving inadequate to correct defective protein metabolism, boys with short stature or delayed bone growth
Dosage:- Adult: 2-4mg daily, Children:- Body weight less than 10 kg, 10-20kg, 0.5mg, 20-30 kg. 1mg ,above 30kg 0.75mg all daily.